NIELS BOHR 1885-1962

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NIELS BOHR 1885-1962

Pigs, frogs, anteaters, man, everything has father, official or unofficial. Likewise, the theory of atomic structure also had no father. He was Niels Henrik David Bohr was born in 1885 in Copenhagen. In 1911 he achieved his doctorate physics from the University of Copenhagen. Shortly after this he went to Cambridge, England. There he studied under the tutelage J.J. Thompson, famous scientist who discovered the electron. In just a few months after that Bohr moved to Manchester, studying at Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus of a few years earlier (nucleus) of the atom. This was Rutherford who confirms (in contrast to earlier suggestions) that atoms are mostly bare, with a heavy constituent parts in the middle and the electrons in the outer part. Shortly after that Bohr soon developed his own theory about the radically new and atomic structure.

Bohr's paper work like cradles history "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules," published in the Philosophical Magazine in 1933.

Bohr theory of the atom introduced as a kind of miniature planets around the sun, with electrons in orbits around the subject, but with a crucial difference: if the laws of classical physics say about the orbital velocity in all sizes, Bohr proved that electrons in a atom can only rotates in its orbit in certain specific size. Or in another formulation sentence: electrons that surround the principal part is the energy level (skin) without absorb or emit specific energy. Electrons can move from the inner layer to the outer layer if it absorbs energy. Instead, the electrons will move from the outer layer into the deeper layers of the radiated energy.

Bohr theory introduces a radical difference with the idea of ​​the classical theory of physics. Some scientists are full of imagination (like Einstein) immediately rushed praised Bohr working papers as a "masterpiece," a great job; even so, many other scientists initially ignoring the truth of this new theory. Experiments most critical is the ability to explain the Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom spectrum. It has long been known that hydrogen gas when heated at high heat levels, will give off light. However, this light does not include all the colors, but only the light of something specific frequency. The greatest value of the Bohr theory of the atom is a departure from the simple hypothesis but could explain the amazing determination of the exact wavelengths of all the spectral lines (color) issued by hydrogen. Furthermore, the Bohr theory predicted the existence of additional spectral lines, do not look at the previous moment, but later confirmed by the experimentalist. In addition, the Bohr theory of atomic structure presents the first clear explanation why atoms have as their size. Judging from all the events that assure this, Bohr theory was soon accepted, and in 1922 can Bohr, Nobel Prize for physics.

1920 Theoretical Physics institute was established in Copenhagen and Bohr so ​​directors. Being a Leader create interest young scientists brilliant and soon became the center of the world of scientific investigation.

But while the theory of atomic structure Bohr facing difficulties. Most basic problem is that the Bohr theory, although it perfectly describes the difficulties the future of atoms (eg hydrogen) which has one electron, not exactly estimate the spectra of other atoms. Some scientists, fascinated by the tremendous success in terms of the Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom explained, hoping with the perfect little Bohr theory, they can also explain the spectra of heavier atoms. Bohr himself was one of the first to realize the small improvements that would not help, because it is needed is a radical overhaul. But, however, he took all reasonable genius, yet he was not able to solve it.

Solving eventually discovered by Werner Heisenberg and others, began in 1925. It is interesting to note here, that Heisenberg and generally scientists who developed a new theory of learning in Copenhagen, which no doubt have benefited greatly from discussions with Bohr and relate to each other. Bohr himself rushed towards new ideas and help develop it. He made important contributions to the new theory, and sodomy disuksi-discussions and writings, he helped make more systematic.

1930s further demonstrate attention to the problems of the principal parts of the atomic structure. He developed an important model "droplets" atomic constituent parts. He also proposed a theory problem about "the combination of principal part" in an atomic reaction to be solved. Furthermore, the Bohr is a person who quickly declared that the isotope uranium involved in the nuclear division is U235. This statement has an important significance in the subsequent development of the atomic bomb.

In 1940 the German army occupied Denmark. Bohr's put himself in danger, partly because he had anti-Nazi attitude is widespread, partly because his mother was a Jew. In 1943 Bohr fled from Denmark who became occupied territories, towards Sweden. He also helped a large number of Danish Jews to escape in order to avoid death in the gas chambers of Hitler. From Sweden Bohr fled to England and from there crossed into the United States. In this country, during the war, Bohr help make atomic bombs,

After the war, Bohr returned home to Denmark and headed the institution until his spirit hovers 1`562 year. In the years after the war Bohr tried hard though not succeeded in pushing the international community in order to supervise the use of atomic energy.

Bohr married in 1912, at about the time he did a great job in the field of science. She had five children, one named Aage Bohr, won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1975. Bohr was the most unpopular person in the world scientists, not solely because of his knowledge salute the genius, but also his personality and character and humanity that depth.

Although the original Bohr's theory of atomic structure is over fifty years ago, he remains one of the major figures in the 20th century. There are several reasons why it is so. First, most of the important stuff is still considered correct theory. For example, the idea that an atom can exist only at the level of rigorous energy is an integral part of all theories of atomic structure next. Another thing, a picture of the Bohr atom has a great significance for finding something for yourself, although modern scientists do not think it was literally true. The most important of all, perhaps, is the idea of ​​Bohr which is the driving force for the development of "quantum theory." Although some of his ideas has expired, but obviously historically has proven his theories was the starting point of the modern theory of the atom and the subsequent development of the field of quantum mechanics

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